enlightenmentA significant period in the 17th to 19th century where there was a major shift in scientific, political and cultural attitudes
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The action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened."His experience in prison led to his enlightenment."
optimismA core idea in Candide that hopes for a positive outcome despite adversities.
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Hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful outcome of something."Even in the direst of circumstances, he held on to his optimism."
pessimismA philosophical thinking that things are inherently evil or tend to go wrong. It opposes to the optimism that Voltaire's character, Dr. Pangloss, upholds.
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The tendency to see, anticipate, or emphasize only bad or undesirable outcomes, results, conditions, problems, etc."His constant pessimism made others feel downcast."
cynicismA skeptical attitude towards the motives of others. It's a viewpoint widely displayed by many characters in 'Candide'.
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An inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism."His cynicism about politicians is well known."
ironyA figure of speech that Voltaire commonly uses to express sarcasm and satire.
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The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect."His comment, filled with irony, left the room in silence."